CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(IMonographs) 


iCMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Inatituta  for  HiatoHeal  Microraproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


Tcdmical  and  BibHoraphie  Nam  /  Nqim  tMlMiquM  at  biMioflraphiquM 


The  Imtituta  hM  antmptid  to  obtain  tiia  batt  orifinal 
copy  availaMa  for  fihnint'  Faaturat  of  this  eopy  wMch 
may  ha  WMiotraiAieaNy  uniqua.  wMdi  MMV  aMar  any 
of  tha  lma«ai  in  tha  rapfoduetion.  or  whieh  may 
lignif  ieantiy  ehanta  tha  owal  matliod  of  filwlnf,  aia 
chackad  balow. 


□  Colourad  cowan/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


0 


Covari  damaiad/ 
Couvartura 


□  Covf';*  raftorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvarttira  raitaurte  at/ou  paNicuMa 

□  Covar  titia  tniuin§/ 
La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


D 
D 

n 


CoMHirad  map*/ 

Cartas  gtographiquai  an  coulaur 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  Mua  or  Wacfc)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  Maua  ou  noira) 

Colourad  platat  and/or  ilhntratiom/ 
PtanchM  at/ou  illustratiom  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RaiiA  avac  d'autrat  documantt 

Tifht  bindin*  may  causa  ihadown  or  distortion 
along  intartor  margin/ 

La  raliura  sarria  paut  causar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
distorsion  la  long  da  !a  marga  intiriaura 


n 


Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may  > 
within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possiMa.  thasa  hava 
baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
llsapautquacartainaspagasWanchas  ^outAas 
tors  d'una  rastturation  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta. 
mais,  lorsqua  cala  *tait  possiMa,  cas  pagas  n'ont 
pas  M  filmtes. 


L'Inttitut  a  mierofttmA  la  maWaur  axamplaira  qu'il 
lui  a  MpowiMa  data  procurer.  Las  dttailt  da  eat 
a«amplaira  qui  sont  pout4tra  i 
WbUograpbiqua^  qui  pauvai 
raproduHa.  ou  qui  pauaant  axifw  una  modifieation 
dam  la  mMioda  normala  da  f  ihnaia  tont  bidiqu** 


□  Colourad  pagas/ 
Pagat  da  coulaur 


I  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
I  restaurfas  at/ou  peNteuMes 


0: 

0  Pages  diseoloutad.  stakwd  or  foxed/ 
rages  oacoioreei 

□  PagM  deteched/ 


0Showthrougb/ 
Trensperenee 

0(teelitv  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  inigala  de  I'impression 

□  Continuous  peginetion/ 
Pegination  continue 

□  Includes  index(es)/ 
Comprend  un  (des)  index 

Title  on  header  taken  from:/ 
Le  titre  de  I'en-tlte  provient: 

□  Title  pege  of  issue/ 
Pege  de  titre  de  le  livreison 

□  Caption  of  issue/ 
Titre  de  dipert  de  la  livreison 

□  Mestheed/ 
Ginirique  (ptriodiques)  de  le  livreison 


m 


Additionel  commentt:/  There  are  some  creases  In  the  middle  of  the  pages. 

Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  retio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  f  ilmi  au  teux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

1IX 

22% 

2«X 

SOX 

y 

' 

12X 

liX 

»x 

24X 

2IX 

32X 

Th«  copy  filmad  h«r«  haa  been  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 


AnMvw  0f  Ontario 

TOfOfltO 


L'axamplaira  filmi  fut  raproduit  griea  i  la 
gAn^roaiti  da: 

AraMvw  pubUquM  d«  I'Ontario 

Tofonto 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  qualitv 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
fHming  eontraet  apadf  ieationa. 


Original  capias  in  printad  papar  eovars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  ilhiatratad  impraa* 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tho 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
aion,  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Tha  laat  raeordad  frama  on  aach  microficho 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED").  or  tho  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appiiaa. 


Las  imagas  suh^antas  ont  4t*  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  eompta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
do  la  nattatO  da  raxampiaira  film*,  at  sn 
eonf ormit*  avac  iaa  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Laa  asamplairas  eriginaux  dont  la  couvarturs  sn 
papiar  ast  imprim«a  sont  filmte  sn  eommoncant 
par  la  pr9mi9t  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  smprsints 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairss 
originaux  sc  nt  f  ilmta  sn  commandant  par  la 
prami4ra  paga  qui  comporto  uno  amprainta 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  taiia 
amprainta. 

Un  das  symbolas  suivants  spparaltra  sur  la 
darniira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficho.  salon  is 
cas:  la  symbols  ^-m-  signifia  "A  8UIVRE '.  la 
symboio  ▼  signifio  "FIN". 


Maps,  piataa.  charts,  stc.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarrnt  raduction  ratioa.  Thoso  too  larga  to  bo 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  comar.  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framaa  as 
raquirad.  This  following  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Laa  cartas,  planchas.  tabiaaux.  ate.  pauvant  itra 
filmte  A  das  taux  da  rMuction  diffArents. 
Lorsquo  la  document  ast  trap  grand  pour  *tra 
raproduit  on  un  saul  clich*.  il  ast  filmi  i  psrtir 
da  I'sngla  sup^riaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  *  droits, 
St  do  haut  an  bas.  wi  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagas  nOcsssaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivsnts 
illustrant  la  m4thodo. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.  i 


THE 


SOULANGES  CANAL  WORKS 


CANADA 


By  C.  R.  COUTLEE. 

Auoeiatid  Manbw,  Oaaatton  Boelatr  at  CItU  ■ii»1ii«ti. 
AwtoUBt  iBglcMr,  BoulansM  Oual  W-wfea. 


(&«prlot*d  from  BngliieerioB  N«wi  at  April  18  sad  Jnlr   11,  IML) 
MBW  YORK. 

uea. 


^fll 


PART  I. 


B*twt«B  Pmcott  and  Montreal  the  freight  traf- 
fle  <rf  til*  Bt  lAwrence  River  la,  on  aeoouat  of 
rapldt,  forced  to  take  to  eanala.  Fourteen-foot 
navlsatlon  haa  been  secured,  and  boats  of  this 
draft  can  paaa  from  Lake  Superior  to  tide  water. 
The  floolansoi  Canal  ia  the  link  In  this  chain  of 
•hip  oan>ila,  that  replacea  the  old  Beauhamoia 
Canal,  wltieh  was  9-ft.  draft  only.  The  location, 
deeltn  of  leeka  unf.  superintendence  of  construc- 
tion *•-  ■  Of  a  entirely  In  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Thor  '  Past-President  of  the  Canadian 

8oci«  Bnglneen.     His   20   years'   ex- 

pert -itflneer    of    the    Welland   Canal, 

cou;  dies  of  forelsn  practice,  have  led 

to  th-  ..n  of  sc  i:<i  entirely  new  features,  and 

the  canal  m  an  exari   le  of  matured  practice  in  hy-  ' 
drauUe  enRlneertnr  of  this  class. 

PIAK,  PROPIIjB  and  CR,088-8ECTI0N. 

The  Boulaages  Canal,  about  14  miles  In  lenjrth, 
couples  Lake  St.  L«uls,  the  expansion  of  the  St. 
lAwrence  above  Lachine,  with  L«ke  St.  Prancla. 
the  expansion  below  Cornwall.  Lake  St.  Francis 
la  frenerally  82.6  ft.  higher  than  Lake  St.  Louts, 
and  this  Is  surmounted  by  nve  locks,  the  llrst 
three  havln»  the  exceptionally  high  lift  of  23.6  ft., 
the  fourth  a  lift  of  12  ft,  and  the  head,  or  suard. 
lock,  a  lift  of  about  2  ft.  The  location  on  the 
north  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence  was  decided  upon 
as  reqc'rlnff  less  curvature,  fewer  locks,  and  be- 
cause quicksand  was  In  evidence  on  the  south 
shot*.  In  addlthw.  the  enlarglnv  of  the  old  canal 
would  have  led  to  many  difficulties  and  unfore- 
seen expense.  Fram  the  seneral  plan.  Fig.  1,  It 
win  be  wen  that  there  are  only  two  curves.  The 
longer  ortends  for  60*  on  a  radius  of  14,800  ft 
(about  24').  and  was  necesslUted  by  the  great 
bend  In  the  river  Itself.  The  shorter  extends 
through  ie°,  on  a  radius  of  12.800  ft.  (about  27'). 
Both  are  so  easy  that  for  purposes  oi  navigation 
the  canal  may  be  considered  a  stnright  line. 

The  supply  of  water  was,  of  course,  inexhausti- 
ble; therefore  only  Its  admission  into  the  canal 
was  to  be  considered  The  cross-seotton  of  .'the 
canal  prism.  Fig.  2,  j  100  ft.  width  at  bottMn, 
with  2  to  1  slopes  throughout  In  rock  or  earth  and 
16  ft  of  water  at  extreme  low  water.  The  area 
of  prism  at  mean  low  water  Is  about  2.400  sq.  ft, 
or  say  four  tlmea  the  submerged  transverse  area 
of  the  typical  vessel  for  Ita  navigation.  This  sec* 
tlor  of  canal  Is  nowhere  diminished,  but  on  the 
contrary  a  larger  area  Is  given  at  bridges. 


The  adrniasibla  current  was  flxed  at  about  1 
mile  per  hour,  or  say  as  high  as  100  ft  per  mlBUta 
The  canal  bottom.  Fig.  S,  haa  a  fall  of  (Kl  ft  per 
mile,  and  the  current  serves  to  change  the  water 
and  slightly  aids  the  seaward  traffic.  The  banks 
along  the  summit  level  are  high  enough  to  admit 
of  the  eanal  surface  being  raised  to  the  highest 
water  level  of  Lake  St.  Franeis,  and  still  be  8  ft. 
atMve  water.  This  would  give  a  depth  of  20.6  ft 
in  the  canal  priam. 

GUARD  LOCK. 

A  guard  lock.  Fig.  4,  is  kioated  near  where  the 
axis  of  the  canal  Intersects  the  original  shore  Una. 
This  protects  the  entire  artifleial  channel  to  the 
east  from  an  Influx  of  Lake  Bt  Francis:  (1)  were 
the  summit  level  banks  to  break  at  any  point,  or 
(2)  were  It  refluired  to  run  the  level  dry  for  repair 
work.  It  also  prevents  the  piling  of  the  lake  water 
into  the  eleven- mile  summit  level  by  westerly 
winds,  whereby  the  banks  might  be  overrun. 
Guard  gates  would  not  suffice,  aa,  were  the  lake 
water  to  pile  agalnet  them,  it  would  be  Impowibl* 
to  open  them  and  admit  vessels  until  the  storm 
felL 

To  feed  the  canal  a  supply  race.  Fig.  4,  la  pro- 
vlded  to  the  south  of  the  guard  lock.  Across  the 
head  of  this  Is  a  weir  consisting  of  a  masonry 
wall  pierced  at  the  bottom  by  four  arched  open- 
ings 9  ft  wide  and  10  ft.  high.  These  openings 
are  throttled  by  submerged  "Stoney"  valves, 
which  are  exclusively  used  throughout  the  canal. 

Splay  walls  extend  above  and  below  the  gnrd 
lock  to  guide  vessels  in  and  out.  Above  the  upper 
splay  walls  are  two  parallel  piers  20O  ft  apart 
and  extending  1,600  ft.  Into  the  lake,  which  gtva 
mooring  accommodation  to  boats  awaiting  lock- 
age. 

Canala  leading  from  rivers  at  the  head  of  a 
rapid,  are  alway*  subject  to  a  current  setttag 
stcrosa  tbelr  entrancee  To  obviate  tnis  mean*  en- 
tering land  higher  ui)  and  Increasing  the  cost  of 
construction  an4  land  damages.  So  long,  how- 
ever, aa  the  entrance  1»  amply  wide  and  deep 
enough  to  allow  of  boaU  swinging  well  In  to- 
ward shore,  the  cross  set  of  the  current  becomes 
a  small  matter  even  to  tows. 

SUMMIT  USYSL. 

The  summit  level  has  tU  top  bank  ekrvatloB  at 
101  (above  sea),  or  the  same  hel^t  aa  the  oopbig 


wmmmmm 


of  tiM  gnard  lo«k.  Bjr  thia  mMM  It  to  Mmnd 
that  th*  top  e(  feoaka  wlU  alwajra  bo  wtU  abovo 
tha  UdMat  watar  at  tho  aiitraBea,  which  baa  booa 
rooordad  aa  167.5  abova  aaa.  Thla  laval  !a  oTor 
Vf^  mllaa  In  lan«th,  or  76%  of  the  whol*  canal, 
whlob  can  bo  nartgated  without  atop  of  aar  kind 
whatav  ..  A  dopth  of  20  ft.  can  bo  had  If  daalrod 
at  hi«b  watar,  itvlnv  nearly  8,000  aq.  ft.  trana- 
v»t«o  aroa  and  176  ft.  width  at  tho  watar  Una. 
Thla,  of  oouroo,  maana  apoedjr  and  safe  navigation 
for  largo  boata. 

The  bank  protection  conalata  of  a  notch  cut 
along  the  2  to  1  «ide  riopea  and  aoUdly  rofllled 
with  broken  atone  of  vatloui  ilaea,  aa  Indicated 
by  Fig.  2.  The  face  la  flnlahed  with  macadam 
rammed  to  a  2  to  1  ilope,  and  the  top  line  la  An- 
Uhed  with  a  rough  coping,  0  Ini.  thick  and  1  fl. 
wide,  laid  In  2V^ft. .  lengths.  This  cope  te  8  ft 
at>ove  the  working  level,  and  the  baae  of  the  lin- 
ing Is  5  ft  vertically  bdotv  water  turface.  Ther* 
are  no  large  boulders  to  become  dlsplac3d  and 
carry  several  others  with  them;  but  the-  2-ln. 
metal  and  fine  grit  torm  a  knit  slope,  and  repairs 
are  easily  made  by  dumping  broken  stone  where 
required. 

Bod  Is  laid  upon  a  slope  above  tho  coping  anl 
for  a  width  of  B  ft.  along  the  top  of  bank.  Along 
the  n<jrth  bank,  which  Is  50  ft.  wide,  a  macad- 
amised public  road  Is  provided.  Between  this  road 
and  the  edge  of  the  canal  Is  the  pole  line,  bearing 
the  power  and  light  wires.  All  the  poles  are  oaint- 
ed  white,  and  every  fourth  one  carriea  a  AOOO-a  p. 
closed  arc  light.  Along  the  north  side  trees  are 
being  planted,  and  the  appearance  of  this  artifi- 
cial river  is  both  finished  and  pleating. 

CULVERTP. 

Thrje  amall  rivers  are  passed  underneath  this 
upper  reach  by  means  of  culverts,  the  Dellsle,  the 
Rouge  and  the  Grease. 

DELISLE.— The  Dellsle  la  the  largest.  Its  flood 
flow  sometimes  nearing  300,000  cu.  ft.  per  minute. 
Its  channel  was  diverted  slightly  by  straighteaing 
a  bend  and  a  rock  foundation  thus  secured.  In 
fact,  all  three  streams  were  diverted  somewhat, 
allowing  the  flow  to  continue  aninten  uptcdly  in 
the  old  channel  during  construction.  Fig.  5 
shows  the  details  of  the  culvert  construction.  The 
foundation  pit  was  .'>0  ft.  wide,  excavated  in  lime- 
stone rock.  In  this,  four  parallel  lines  of  cast- 
iron  pipe  were  laid.  Each  ring  of  the  pipe  waa  10 
ft.  in  diameter,  •')  ft.  in  length  and  1  in.  thick, 
atrengtnened  by  three  fllleta.  They  were  laid  plain 
butt  lolnts,  and  then  the  whole  pit  was  filled  with 
concrete,  which  waa  carried  up  2  ft.  over  the  irsa 
The  rings  provide  against  a  bursting  up-pressure, 
which  would  occur  if  the  river  were  in  flood  and 
the  canal  were  emptied  for  repair  work.  H.  R. 
Ives  &  Co.,  of  Montreal,  Quebec,  made  the  cast- 
ings in  a  most  creditable  mann-^r. 

ROUGE.— The  Rouge  Is  passed  under  the  prism 
In  a  similar  manner  to  the  Dellsle,  but  only  two 
lines  of  lO-tt  diameter  pipe  are  used.    Tlie  foun- 


HHiilii 


mm 


imtUm  WM  on  bouM«r  m«t«rt*l  uadarlyln*  Mm* 
SO  ft  of  bliM  etey. 

ORBASB.— Only  MM  Uii«  of  10>ft  pip*  wm  >•• 
qaind  tor  tha  Oraoao  fUvar  culvert;  the  found*- 
tlon  WM  on  pUm.  An  ncddant  oceurrod  durinc 
ooMtrnetlon.  JTlg.  0  shows  tMa  pips  In  piaoo  nnd 
partly  covsrsd  with  the  concrst*  lllllnc.  Ths  wntor, 
with  which  th*  pit  was  flilsd  for  protsotlon 
ngminat  froot,  burst  out  nnd  Its  hsovy  lc«  eovsrins 
settled  down  on  top  of  the  east-Iron  tube,  which 
had  only  boon  half  oonoreted.  Many  rlncs  wer-t 
broken,  but  they  wem  repaired  In  place  with  an- 
gle Irons  and  bolts. 

DRAW  BRIDOBS. 
Four  bridces  cross  the  summit  level,  all  of  slnil- 
lar  deslcn.  There  la  no  pivot  pier  in  uildchinnel, 
but  Instead  the  pivot  Is  placed  In  tin*  with  the 
south  bank,  and  the  w!  Me  width  of  the  bottom 
100  ft..  Is  free  .'or  navlsatlon.  A  bo\t  pantng 
along  th*  prtsK  reiembles  a  movable  dam  and 
piles  the  water  -tt  any  restricted  part  of  the  chan- 
nel.   The  currents  thus  created  tend  to  swinit  ves- 


way  OO  ft.  wUis  on  bottom,  with  S  to  1  slopM.  U 
Is  throttl*d  t  -  two  Ian*  "atonoy"  slalosa.  SO  ft. 
X  22  ft.,  whieh  hoiat  up  Into  a  stsel  supwMmotVM 
rcaemblla*  a  doable  gantry.  The  guard  g»t«  It- 
self la  46  ft  wld*-th*  wMth  of  a  loek-aa4  om. 
BtoU  of  tW3  h^low  v»itMt  abtttmeau  witli  splay 
walls  above  and  betow.  Pig.  9.  A  pair  «t  gat* 
exaetly  similar  to  look  gat**  r*volv*  In  th*  ^qaoln* 
and  ekM*  against  nilUr  sill*.  Th*  splay  walla 
above  and  below  are  of  oonoret*,  and  ar*  mad*  tO 
ft.  wide  to  form  a  roadway  on  th*  south  lUtow 
Through  th***,  arches  of  15-ft.  spaa  ar*  p(«rG*d 
to  pass  th*  f*ed  water  Into  the  raceway  and  out 
of  It  A  foundation  platform  was  first  mad*  of 
eonerote  12  ft  wide  and  2  ft.  deep,  and  upon  this 
the  arche*  were  built  The**  slabs  and  that  un- 
der the  guard  gate  and  sluice  rest  directly  on  hard 
blue  clay,  and  have  given  no  trouble. 

LOCK  NO.  4. 

Between  guard  gate  and  look  th*  ordinary  s*o- 

tlon  of  canal  prism  Is  r««umed  for  about  800  ft 

Bplay  walls,  as  usual,  are  placed  above  and  below 


Fia  2.    TRANSVERSE  SECTION  OF  CANAL  PRISM;  SOULANQES  CANAL  WORKS,  CANADA. 


s*Is  across  the  canal.  To  avoid  this  the  primi 
area  Is  increased  at  the  bridges  by  excavating 
In  rear  of  the  pivot  piers  (r*^  7).  One  arm  of  the 
bridge  spans  this  side  basi'  and  the  other  spans 
the  canal  proper.  Practically  all  the  bridge  ma- 
sonry Is  concrete,  only  the  copings  ttA  pari. pets 
being  of  stone.  All  Ironwork  li  palntt  with  white 
lead,  and  the  graceful  superstructures,  contrast- 
Iny  with  the  green  banks  and  adjacent  woods, 
Rive  quite  a  picturesque  effect.  On  top  of  each 
bridge  a  red  lantern  Is  placed  exactly  on  the  cen- 
ter linn  of  the  canal,  showing  both  up  and  down, 
as  a  danger  stgral,  when  the  Uraw  Is  closed 
against  navigation. 

POWIUt-HOUSB. 

The  canal  power-house  Is  situated  about  the 
middle  of  the  summit  level,  advantage  being 
taken  of  the  crossing  of  the  Grease  River  to  vs* 
It  as  a  tall  race.  Tbe  power-bouse  la  com')lned 
with  a  waste  weir  and  will  be  described  further  on 
under  electrical  Installationi.  Some  720  HP.  Is 
generated  for  lighting  and  for  operating  {.-ates 
and  valves. 

OUARD  OATEB  FOR  LOCK  NO.  4 

The  summit  level  ends  with  a  guard  gate  and 
lift  lock.  Ths  guard  gates  are  1,000  ft  abo''* 
the  lock,  Fig.  8,  and  are  never  opened  'untP  .i 
lock  gates  are  closed.    To  the  south  Is  a  feev.  lace- 


.'he  lock  to  lead  In  vessels.  A  raceway  to  the 
south.  Fig.  8,  passes  the  feed  water  to  the  reaches 
bek>w.  It  Is  27  ft  wide  on  the  bottom,  with  2  to 
1  slope*  giving  a  transverse  area  at  working  level 
of  1,100  sq.  ft.  A  regulatin-T  weIr  plaaed  acroas 
the  end  of  the  raceway  In  line  with  the  foot  of  the 
lock,  governs  the  feed  to  the  reaches  below.  This 
a'Mr  Is  a  concrete  dam  faced  with  cut  stone  and 
pierced  by  two  submerged  arches,  '/.•hlch  are 
clofied  by  "Stoney"  valve*  0  ft.  wide  and  7  ft 
high.  Fig.  ?0.  The  face  of  the  wall  Is  buttreaaid 
and  four  blind  arches  widen  th*  top  snfllolontly 
to  give  a  10-ft.  roadway.  Below  this  w*lr  th* 
water  Is  turned  into  the  canal  bgaln  through  th* 
arches  of  the  raceway  bridge. 

The  lock  Itself  is  of  concrete  construction,  only 
the  face  of  the  chamber  sbove  the  iow^ir  reach  wa- 
ter level  being  of  cut  stone.  The  low<!r  sill  la  * 
elevation  125  (above  sea)  and  the  upper  is  ut 
137.  On  top  of  the  slUs  15  ft.  of  water  in  pro- 
vided for  14-ft  navigation,  so  the  lower  reach 
working  water  level  Is  (125  -I-  15)  Bl.  140  and  the 
upper  (137  +  16)  Bl.  152.  This  would  be  a  lift  of 
12  ft,  but  usually  the  summit  level  will  b«  worked 
at  El.  154  or  156.  making  the  lift  14  or  16  it  Fo^ 
the  foundation  of  Lhts  lock  1,1<X)  ^rtck  -^Im  piles 
were  driven  40  to  45  ft  into  blue  clay  at  4-ft 
center*  under  each  lock  wall  and  across  the  up* 
per  and  lower  enda    The  top*  vtere  cut  oft  and 


H  1  1  « 


•aib«dd«A  in  eonc-rct*.  whleh  wu  runinad  about 
tiMfn.  B«twMn  Ui«  wslla  Of  kwk  8oor  la  a  floif 
mt*  steb  380  a  lew  sad  4SM  (t  wM«  and  fla> 
lahad  to  aa  lavwt  M  Ina.  thiek  alone  th*  emtw 
BaA  8  (t  at  tha  atdwi.  Tb*  npp«r  and  o(  tbia 
floor  flta  acalaat  tba  drela  of  tba  braaat  wail  and 
tba  lowar  and  to  flatobad  witb  a  Itna  of  out  atona 
blocka.  Tba  lowwr  mttar  alU  to  earrlad  on  ptlaa;  It 
eonalaU  of  a  oiaaa  of  ooncrata  astandinc  S  ft.  ba- 
low  tba  floor,  whiob  forma  botb  an  aaebor  block 
for  holdlns  down  tba  •Ilia  and  a  out  oft  aiatnat 
leakaia.  Two  I-baama  ara  laid  diraetly  undar 
aaeb  alll  and  through  tbam  paaa  aaran  bolta,  IH 
Ina.  in  diameter  and  T  ft  lonv,  tba  wbola  balng 
burled  In  the  maia  of  concrete.  Tba  anda  of  tba 
anchor  bolta  ara  threaded  and  paaa  vertically 
tbrougb  t*-a  18  x  IS-ln.  oak  allla,  which  are  held 
down  by  larca  nuta  and  waabara.  The  upper  roU 
ter  alll  la  carried  on  a  circular  breaat  wall  ax- 
tendtnr  ceroaa  between  tba  lock  walla  and  to  an- 
chored down  In  the  aama  manner  aa  the  lower 
one. 

The  braaat  wall  to  a  maaa  of  concrete  faced  with 
heavy  cut  atona  aahlar.  It  aervaa  to  take  the  ram 
of  aacandlns  boata,  tbua  pravantinc  their  bowa 
puahlnr  open  the  miter  of  the  upper  satea  from 
tba  lower  *lda— a  frequent  jouice  of  »oci;!ent.  In 
front  of  the  breaat  wall  to  another  croaa  wall, 
which  reveta  the  end  of  the  upper  i-ea/^h.  It  forma 
with  the  breaat  wall  a  bay.  30  ft.  acroaa.  and 
the  full  width  of  the  lock,  46  ft.  From  thli  head 
well  the  longitudinal  wall  culverta  are  fed  In  flll- 
1B(  '.be  lock  Tba  culverta  are  0  ft.  /  0  ft.  with 
arched  roof  and  are  provided  at  each  end  with 
"Btoney"  valvea.  These  allow  the  water  io  flow 
Into  or  out  of  tba  lock  chamber,  with  whleh  tba 
culvert  to  connected  by  30-ln.  pipes,  ten  on  each 
sidb. 

Tba  method  of  construction  was  to  lay  the  whole 
ooncrata  foundation  slab  under  the  walla  and 
across  tba  enda.  The  floor  of  the  head  well,  the 
floora  of  the  culverta  and  the  lower  miter  ?lll  ara 
aU  on  tba  aame  level  (El.  125).  Upon  this  tba 
molda  for  face  and  rear  of  walls  and  for  sides  of 
culverta  were  tet  up.  The  concrete  waa  mixed 
by  band  along  the  aldea  of  the  pit  and  wheeled  In 
until  the  spring  Una  of  the  culvert  arch  waa 
reached.  A  treatla  bad  then  been  comoleted 
through  the  lock  chamlier  and  two  traveling  dei-- 
rieka  erected  upon  It.  These  swung  In  the  con- 
crete witb  akipv.  The  poata  of  the  treatla  aerved 
to  bold  tba  chamber  face  molds,  which  were  14 
ft  high.  Abov>  thto  height  the  lock  wall  waa 
ashlar,  the  flrst  course  projecting  2  ins.  and  be- 
Ing  rounded  to  form  a  rubbing  courae. 

REACH  BEIiOW  LOCK  NO.  4. 
Below  iXMsk  No.  4,  a  reach  aimilar  to  the 
mit  level  extenda  for  nearly  2Mi  miles.  !  a 
mile  below  the  lock  there  to  a  road  bridge  Ilka 
thoae  on  tba  summit  level.  It  to  founleJ  on  hard 
hlue  clay  and  baa  given  no  trouble  from  tettle- 
iL     All  swing  bridgts  are  at  right  angles  to 


IlJMJJT.j  J. 


HI 


mtimvs* 


3 '  iiimitS  %\ 


i 


■(fWiSMril 


•  fMOt 


-|DOdK 


-  pot^ 


^Jw*«  i 


■  poOtlQ 


■  jooM 


■g"m^ 


til*  Um  of  OftMl.     TIM  BorU  buk.  m  on  tli*      FloodlBC  Um  donpad  atajr  wllfe  •  wj  uiiS<     r  Jmm 

■uauBit  tovM,  It  60  ft.  wl4«  to  lUlow  i-pao*  for  • 

mMsdam  ro»d  to  rvplact  th*  old  rlvvr  ro«d  cut 

off  bjr  tiM  Mai.    The  Muth  bMtk  !•  IB  f    wid*  tt 

•a  •lovatlon  of  S  ft  tbov*  w»    '  I«Ttl  </lth  2  to 

1  ■lopoa. 

BIMONBTTB  BMBANXMBNT. 

TIM  ehUf  tc-<tvrt  of  tbia  l«v«l  U  Ita  eroMtn*  of 
a  ravlB*  about  BUO  ft.  Ion*  and  40  ft.  ilaop  b«< 
low  the  "tow-path''  tltvatlon.  Tb«  oanal  la  car* 
.riod  aeroaa  by  an  •mbankntnt  oontalntni  900,000 
cu.  ydf.,  built  of  elay  azaavatad  from  tha  prinn. 
Tha  full  oroM-aaetion  la  malntalnady  via. :  100  ft 
bottom  width  and  2  to  1  alopaa.  Tha  axtarlor 
alopca  art  alao  2  to  1,  maklni  the  baaa  of  bank 
aaarlr  BOO  ft.  acroea.  Vndtr  thia  All  a  8C-ln.  oaat> 
Iron  plpa  paaaaa  a  imall  craak.  Tha  raaeh  anda 
at  tha  CaaoadM  Lock*.  Tha  watar  aurfaioa  la  oon- 
aUntly  kept  at  elevation  140,  slvln«  16  ft.  of 
water,  or  2  ft  under  veaaela  drawinc  14  ft 

KARTH  WORK. 

The  tower  entrance  of  tha  canal  la  cut  Into  a 
tonfue  of  land  eaparatlng  the  Ottawa  River  T  -im 
the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Thla  point  la  of  . 
dam  sanditone,  but  ■milt  for  buUdlnc  ma»  ; , 
thouth  It  waa  muct  .  ed  for  concrete.  For  a  dla< 
tance  up  of  1,000  ft  It  la  denuded,  then  It  le  loat 
to  alcht  under  a  BO-ft.  olar  bluff.  The  Potidam 
contlnuea  fairly  level  for  About  eleven  mllea  weat 
whan  It  overlaid  by  ealdferoua  rock.  From  tha 
lanaral  profile.  Fir.  8,  It  will  be  leen  that  the 
clay  Burfaea  riaea  abruptly  at  Caaoadea,  then  very 
gradually  for  about  Ave  mllea,  after  which  it 
contlnuea  at  a  general  level  only  allghtly  above 
the  aurface  of  Lake  Bt  Francli.  The  lower  half 
of  the  canal  la  In  hard  brov-n  clay  overlying  a 
compact  blue  clay.  The  next  quarter  la  in  a  toft 
blue  clay  with  only,  a  scant  covering  of  aandy 
brown  clay.  The  upper  quarter  la  In  boulder. 
Over  200,000  eu.  yds.  of  rock  were  excavated  at 
the  upper  end  and  nearly  100,000  cu.  yda.  at  the 
lower.  Besldea  thla  there  was  over  7,000,000  cu. 
yds.  of  earth  excavation  of  all  kinds,  varying 
from  soft  blue  clay  to  qulckaand,  wet  gravel  and 
hard  pan. 

Oenerally  the  surface  brown  clay  waa  removed 
by  wheel  scraper,  and  the  front  parts  of  tha  banka 
made  up  of  It.  The  bottom  waa  excavated  by 
•team  shovels  and  cars  (Fig.  11).  Three-yard 
cars  of  8-ft.  gage  hauled  by  ten-ton  looomotlves 
on  80  to  B6-lb.  rails  were  extensively  used. 

Standard  gage  plant  waa  used  on  the  Onder- 
donk  sections  five  miles  In  length.  Sixteen  mllea 
of  track  were  employed  and  the  main  line  along 
the  canal  bank  connecting  with  the  Grand  Trunk 
Ry.  carried  all  the  materials  and  supplies  to 
Look  4. 

Earth  from  tha  steam  excavators  is  often  In 
larga  lumpa  which  oannot  be  cut  up  and  com- 
pacted Into  banks  aa   tite  output   ia   too   rapid. 


waa  temnd  to  ba  a 

tfela  dUBeolty.     A  daauuid  for  dis^     >« 

ratua  would  bo  doub*  ba  mm  by  tha  ahoval 

ttfaotfran, 

Tha  rook  asoavatton  waa  dona  In  the  ardlaary 
manner  by  ataam  drUltag  and  derrick  hawdllug. 
All  tha  rook  at  Caaeadaa  haa  beau  uaad  up  lor 
concrete,  ato.,  ■  i  other  torga  amountk  have  baaa 
employed  for  .^nk  lining  along  tha  eaaaL 

Tha  atone  aide  aktpa  preteetlon  amouata  to 
IBB.OOO  cu.  yda;  It  waa  ganerally  duatpad'Into 
the  notch  from  carta,  but  acwia  haa  bean  trana* 
ported  by  scows,  since  opening  tha  eanal,  aud  da« 
posited  from  gang  p'jutks, 

CRIBWORK. 

The  only  extenalve  uaa  of  timber  waa  In  sub* 
merged  cribwck  foundations  for  tha  ujtper  and 
*ower  entranc  'en  Thla  waa  all  made  "eloae- 
vork,"  of  13  -In.  timber,  moatly  hemlock. 
The  nrlba  are  ft  wide  and  about  10  ft  In 
heigh,  with  t«.j  rows  of  longitudlnala,  and  croae- 
>ia*  <>vcr>  0  ft.  They  were  generally  built  In  lOO- 
ft.  Unatt)«,  floated  to  plaea  and  fUled  with  atone 
or  V.  io>  rs  from  tha  exoavatlon.  Along  the  face 
a  plat.o'  m  of  12  X  12-ln.  timber  waa  laid  Juat  ba> 
low  water  and  a  concrete  dock  wall  built  upon  it 
The  wall  and  crib  foundation  waa  heavily  backed 
with  stone  filling.  Caat-lron  mooring  poata  are 
employed  throughout.  They  are  cylinders  10  Ins. 
In  diameter  and  1  In.  thick  set  in  cubes  of  concrete 
B  ft  deep,  from  which  they  prelect  10  Ins.  Be- 
fore settlpg  each  post  Is  rammed  full  of  concrete. 

For  each  coniract  a  bulk  sum  waa  bid  for  un- 
watering,  which  included  pumping,  making  and 
removing  dams,  and  removing  lea  and  snow. 

SLIDES. 

The  greatest  dlflleulty  encountered  In  con- 
struction waa  the  slipping  of  the  clay  aldea  of  the 
can  along  about  two  miles  of  the  stunmit  level. 
Most  trouble  was  experienced  at  the  St.  Emman- 
uel road  croaalng.  Here  an  Inch  'od  could  ba  eaa- 
ily  pushed  down  80  ft  tbroui^  blue  clay  fetehlug 
up  on  rock  or  hard  material. 

The  canal  Is  In  28-ft.  cutting  and  for  the  north 
abutment  of  the  road  bridge,  piles  were  driven 
down  40  ft  more  below  the  bottom.  A  oonorota 
foundation  slab,  level  with  eanal  bottom,  waa 
laid  upon  theaa  pUea  about  tha  beginning  of  No- 
vember. A  few  days  later  800  ft  In  length  of  tha 
north  slope  slid  out  over  tha  foundation  and  half 
way  across  the  cut  Next  seaaon  thla  slip  waa 
excavp'ed,  and  the  north  abutmentr-a  concrete 
monoll.n  of  1,200  cu.  yda.— waa  built  upon  the 
foundation,  which  had  not  been  Injured.  Between 
this  abutment  and  tha  face  of  the  old  slip,  about 
100  ft.  In  width,  aU  tba  blue  otey  waa  excavated 
to  oanal  bottom  aii4^a  apaoa  retUIed  with  dry 
brown  elay  laid  up  m  layers  by  wheel  aerapers. 

Toward  the  end  of  Oetobar,  1807,  however,  an- 
other sudden  slip  occurred  at  the  aamo  place  com- 


Mtf— 


"nan»v*rM     S«etton     C-D-t-T. 


^  1 

4»<i 

! 

1 

M 

I-J. 


i^-WM 


tt«l>»  *«■  Calvtrt. 


Fltt   6.    DETAILS  OF  CULVERT  FOR   DELI8LE  RIVER;  80ULANQE8  CANAL  WORKS,  CANADA. 


plaUIy  fllUnc  tba  canal  acaln-  Fir.  12  shows  the 
appearance  ot  this  alMe.  The  abutment  was 
fwead  out  80  ft.  Into  the  prism  and  canted  over, 
beadlnc  the  foundation  piles  like  whips.  It  was 
not  eren  eracked,  Jiowever,  and  had  to  be  blasted 
out  pleoe  by  piece. 

For  over  a  mile  this  north  canal  slope  has  Anal- 
ly been  flattened  from  a  2  to  1  slope  to  a  4  to  1 
with  a  heavy  stone  toe. 

The  blue  clay  deposit  constitutes  a  "mere  bleue" 
or  saturated  clay  lake,  through  which  the  canal, 
during  construction,  formed  a  deep  drainage  ditch. 
The  snbwater  plane  gradually  sloped  down  to  the 
canal  bottom,  draining  in  under  the  slope  until 


than  lower  down  the  canal  where  the  brown  elay 
covering  is  thicker  and  nearly  Impervloas. 

8URVET  WORK. 
In  establishing  the  center  line,  posts  10  Ina.  in 
diameter  and  20  ft.  high  were  set  at  the  intersec- 
tion points  of  tangents  and  also  along  tangents  at 
about  three-mile  intervals.  A  transit  was  inter- 
polated between  these  poles  and  during  ten  years 
it  has  never  been  necessary  to  keep  reference  hubs. 
The  long  curves  of  large  radius  required  all  cal- 
culations to  be  actually  worked  out  as  the  dif- 
ference between  a  100-ft.  chord  and  the  curved  aro 
became  noticeable,  and  the  tables  could  not  be 


\ 


FIG.  6.    VIEW  OF  SINGLE-PIPE  CULVERT  FOR  GREASE  RIVER  DURING  C0N8TRUCT0N; 
80ULANGE8   CANAL   WORKS,   CANADA. 


its  friction  was  destroyed  and  the  mass  slid  for- 
ward, settling  down  along  vertical  cleavage  planeb 
as  it  moved.  The  whole  matter  was  aided  by  the 
fact  that  the  blue  clay  beds,  3  Ins.  thick,  seem  to 
have  dried  after  deposit  and  cracked  like  a  mud 
beach.  These  vertical  cracks  allow  the  water  to 
percolate  down  and  create  hydrostatic  pressure. 
The  surface  covering  being  sandy  along  this  sec- 
Bon  aHtrwed  storm  water  to  enter  more  readily 


applied.  The  upper  curve,  three  miles  in  length, 
was  divided  into  halves  and  tangent  poles  set  at 
the  intersection  of  the  tangents  for  each  half. 

For  field  work  steel  band  chains  and  1-ln.  gab 
pipe  pickets  were  used.  A  500-ft.  chain  did  not 
prove  itself  of  much  value. 

The  ground  surface  for  300  ft.  on  each  side  of 
canal  center  line  was  accurately  cross-sectioned, 
some  20,000  readings  being  taken,    This  work  was 


M 


StMtljr  bMtuiad  by  the  um  of  two  rods  for  Mioh 
Uma.  TiM  right  oC  mr  vmriM  In  width,  but  la 
■narsilr  20O  ft  on  Mteh  side  of  tht  center  line  of 
▲bout  960  Mrea  were  taken  Altogether, 
fhmu  bou^t  for  waating  ground. 

were  plotted  on  a  natural 


Fig.  7.  View  Showing  Typical  Highway  Swing 
Bridge  Crouing  Canal;  Soulanges  Caiial  Worics, 
Canada. 

•cale  of  10  ft.  to  an  Inch  and  bound  In  booka,  con- 
tract by  contract.  On  the  right-hand  page  was 
plotted  the  north  half  of  two  cross-eectlona  and 
on  the  left  the  south  halves,  the  middle  of  the 
book  being  the  center  line.  This  generous  spac- 
ing, though  bulky,  haa  proved  to  be  very  con- 
veient  for  progreae,  estlmatea,  etc. 

Borings  were  taken  every  ten  cbalna  wipi  a  2-ln. 
auger  attached  to  gaa  pipe.  Numeroua  teat  pita 
were  alao  dug,  aome  being  40  ft.  In  depth.  Gen- 
erally B  to  10  ft  of  hard  brown  aurface  clay  waa 
found  to  overlie  blue  clay  varying  from  tbe  con- 
•lateney  of  tough  cheeae  to  aoft  butter. 

The  preliminary  hydrographlc  survey  at  the 
lower  entrance  waa  made  by  a  fan  of  aoundlng 


For  cloae  aoundlnga  a  Uae  of  boarda  4  iaa.  wide 
and  hinged  together  In  10-ft.  lengths  waa  floated 
into  the  line  and  aoundlnga  made  along  it  from  a 
boat  Blight  breesea  deranged  thta  h>ng  float  ao 
it  was  only  useful  in  calm  water.  Skeleton  rafts. 
200  ft  long  and  25  ft  wide,  were  also  used,  the 
aoundlng  man  walking  along  the  timbers  which 
are  flshed  together  with  plank  maA  spikes  and 
well  croaa-braced. 

Bounding  through  the  toe  at  Caacadea  waa  im- 
praettcable  owing  to  anchor  ice  and  "fraslL"  This 
is  caused  by  the  agitated  water  pouring  through 
the  Caacadea  Raplda  being  unable  to  orystallae 
through  cooled  far  below  0*.  C.  In  an  instant  oC 
rest,  however,  articular  cryatala  are  auddenly 
formed.  Theae  drift  down  and  accumulate  in 
atiU  water  beneath  the  aurface  ice,  forming  im- 
mense masaea  resembling  wet  wool  and  event- 
ually packing  the  river  full  to  the  bottom.  Sub- 
merged bergs,  aeveral  aquare  milea  in  area,  are 
thus  formed,  which  choke  the  flow,  and  the  water 
stands  at  vartoua  levela  In  iaolatcd  poola.  Dttter- 
encea  of  2  ft  in  level  were  noted  in  holes  cut  only 
SO  ft.  apart,  so  no  aoundlnga  could  be  done  under 
auch  conditions.  "Frasil"  c?  "cinder"  ice  mixed 
with  large  cake  ice  haa  been  obaerved  80  ft  in 
depth.  Iiong  linea  of  aoundlnga  were  generally 
made  by  atretching  ateel  wire  with  a  cork  float 
every  20  ft  betwe«i  nitu  anchored  in  exact  posi- 
tions. 

The  transit  work  included  traverses  of  roads 
and  the  shore  Ulne  of  the  St.  lAwrence  between 
the  head  and  foot  of  the  canaL  All  these  were 
tied  on  to  the  center  line  forming  closed  traverses 
of  about  three  miles  in  extent:  the  results  have 
been  very  good.  There  waa  alao  a  large  trian- 
gulation  of  the  vicinity. 

The  leveling  has  be«i  very  extensive  as  lines 


FIO.  8.    DIAGRAM  PIJkN  OF  LOCK  NO.  4  AND  GUARD  GATE;  SOULANGES  CANAL  WORKS, 

CANADA. 


Unas  radiating  from  a  flxed  point  ashore  and  ex- 
tending two  or  three  milsa  out  A  boat  with  aex- 
tant  observer,  sounding  m«n  and  recorder  aboard, 
waa  rowed  out  keeping  in  range  with  the  flxed 
hub  and  a  movable  back  flag.  Each  aoundlng  was 
flxed  by  measuring  the  angle  between  the  range 
aft  and  a  dlaUnt  known  aide  point.  To  plot,  a 
line,  parallel  to  the  range  line,  :a  drawn  through 
the  distant  aide  atation,  and  from  this  the  sex- 
tant angles  are  laid  off  to  intersect  the  range. 


were  run  to  Kingston,  to  Rouse's  Point  and  to 
Montreal,  thus  connecting  with  sea  level  at  New 
Tork  and  at  Quebec.  The  results  proved  won- 
derfully correct,  though  no  attempt  at  precise  lev- 
eling was  made,  a  A  there  Is  the  satisfaction  of 
having  elevations,  which  convey  smne  meaning 
and  may  be  compared  with  distant  points  and  re- 
ferred to  In  descriptions  and  reports.  A  photo- 
graphic  record  haa  been  kept  of  all  the  conatrue- 
Uon. 


11 


PART  II. 


THB  CABCADBB  LOCKB. 

The  thre*  CurxOM  locka,  Flc  18,  an  eaeh  SSVi 
ft  Utt.  With  their  attendant  ayeUm  of  baalna 
and  reachea,  they  occupy  about  4,000  ft  in  length, 
the  total  deacent  made  belnc  70%  ft  at  low  water. 
They  are  all  in  direct  line,  and  between  eaeh  the 
fuU  prism  of  the  canal,  with  2  to  1  earth  alope 
■idee  is  reanmed.  The  reach  between  the  upper- 
most lock  and  the  middle  one  la  1,600  ft.  In  length, 
and  that  between  the  middle  and  lower  entrance 
lock  is  1.000  ft  Ions.  Alongrtde  these  looks  and 
reaches,  but  sufflclently  aeparated  from  them  to 
prevent  currents,  are  raceways  ahd  basins  to  feed 
the  lower  levels. 

Each  lockage  requires  about  308,000  co.  ft  of 
water,    which,   if  drawn   from   the   short   canal 


CommanleatloB  is  secured  throughoat  the  sys- 
tem by  three  lines  of  roada,  or  tow-paths,  IS  ft 
wide  eaeh:  one  along  the  north  of  toeks  and 
reachea  and  on*  along  the  south  of  r^eawmys  and 
«.7ouad  the  baalna.  A  central  path,  with  arek 
bridges,  to  allow  of  feed  water  oommuolcatlon. 
divides  tt  *  reaohes  from  the  raoewaya.  Ovar  thaae 
patha  carta  can  pass  with  machinery  or  svppUes 
for  repairs.  The  tow-paths  are  really  ontr  ser- 
vice roads,  as  all  towing  la  dona  by  tugs.  Caat- 
Iron  mooring  poats  are  provided  along  them  at 
about  100-ft  intervale. 

Splay  waUs  below  and  above  each  lock  secure 
the  safe  entry  of  boats.  These  are  tangent  to  tbe 
lock  wings  and  flare  out  at  an  ani^e  of  about  SB* 
to  the  canal  center  line.    Stone  steps  below  eaeh 


FIQ.  9.    VIEW  OF  QUARD  GATE  ABUTMENT,  SHOWING  GATE  ANCHOR  BOX  AND  OPERATING 
BAR;   SOULANGE8  CANAL   WORKS,    CANADA. 


reaches  only,  would  lower  them  sufflclently  to 
strand  boats.  To  avoid  this  the  surface  Is  in- 
creased by  side  basins.  The  middle  lock  haa  a 
draft  area  of  about  676,000  sq.  ft,  and  the  en- 
trance lock  has  nearly  680,000  sq.  ft,  over  which 
their  respective  "draw-ofCa"  are  distributed.  As  the 
full  lift  of  the  entrance  lock  (23%  ft)  is  only  at- 
tained at  extremely  low  stages  of  the  lake,  its 
expenditure  of  water  is  generally  less  than  the 
others.  The  side  ponds  are  connected  by  regu- 
lating culverts,  which  can  be  made  to  operate  au- 
tottatleally,  and  through  these  any  loss  in  the 
lower  reachea  Is  quickly  rectified. 


lock  secure  the  rapid  handling  of  hawsers  from 
the  lower  to  the  upper  level.  In  fact,  easy  aooeaa 
to  all  parts  of  the  system  is  provided. 

The  topography  is  peculiarly  well  suited  to  this 
bold  design  of  high  lift  locks.  The  first,  or  fool 
lock  (liOCk  1)  Is  located  Just  where  the  rook, 
Potsdam  sandstone,  caches  the  greatest  height 
in  the  Beanhamols  anticlinal,  and  dips  sharpir 
Into  the  Ottawa.  To  the  west  the  rook  surface, 
though  irregular,  continues  on  a  general  level 
slightly  above  the  canal  bottom,  aa  tar  as  the 
second  lock  (Lock  2).  Here  It  rises  suAeleatly 
to  place  this  structure  In  from  2  to  IS  ft  of  rook 


12 


f 


t:»  rock  »t  thl.  polBt.  Mrr*.  to  «?»»",  "^"^ 
■oUdly  In  BO  tt  of  ImpwfTloiMt  •wrth.  Up  to  th« 
iMtt  loA  (l«cli  •)  tho  rMwh  la  »  cUy  t  t  oror  w 
It.  la  dmtH.  tho  bottom  bote*  tomh  biuo  cl»y. 
UKk  9  WM  ftom  2  to  12  ft.  abore  the  lock  wr- 
tMO,  00  podMtala  ot  concreto  woro  buUt  and  tlia 
look  walla  tooadaA  upon  tiMm. 

t,C>CK  CONSTRUCTION. 

▲U  tbTM  of  tha  Caaoadaa  tocto  ara  lotmdad  upon 
rook.  Tha  ptu  wara  aseavated  and  tha  looaa  atcfla 
pUad  at  ona  alda  for  um  In  maklnr  oonerata.  Tka 
Inaenlarltlaa  of  tha  bottoma  of  tha  pita  wara 
eoneratad  np  to  floor  laval.  and  upon  thla  tha  aide 
walla  wart  be««B.  Fl».  n  ahowa  tha  general 
itnictural  detaUe  of  I-ock  No.  8.  whloh  wUl  alao 
■erva  to  UluatraU  tha  almUar  conatruoUon  of 
loeka  Noa.  1  and  2. 

Tha  aide  walla  of  «ach  look  ara  SBB  f  t  In  lensth. 


raaU  upon  a  pirot  caattac  and  It  la  held  by  a 
gttdgaon  and  oollar  at  tha  tw.  Tha  gatao  mitor 
acainat  each  other  and  oloaa  acalnat  a<lla  of  U-la. 
X  18-ln,  oak.  which  are  held  down  bT  bolta  bvrlad 
in  a  mans  of  conorate,  aa  daacrtbtd  tor  iMk  No.  4. 

Tha  !  er  mtaa  Fl«.  IB.  of  ttwn  three  locka  are 
OTor  4i  t.  hich  and  28  ft.  wide,  tha  dear  width 
of  tha  loc*  baln«  48  ft  Tha  todlnaUon  of  the 
miter  allla  In  plan  la  2  normal  to  and  1  alons 
tha  center  Une  of  lock.  The  gatea  ara  of  "buUt- 
«p"  oonatraeUon,  the  bottom  bare  bain*  84  Ina. 
tbrongh.  The  timber.  Dooclaa  ««■.  oa.aa  from 
Vaneouyer.    The  lar«        xtaa  weigh  TO  tona. 

Through  each  lock  w»U  there  la  a  longitudinal 
tuvnal  8  ft.  wide  and  8  tc  high,  with  arched  roof, 
baring  a  total  area  of  87  aq.  ft  Theaa  tunnela  con- 
nect with  the  lock  chamber  through  20  openings, 
10  each  aide.  «ach  80  Ina.  In  diameter,  thair  oe(it- 
bined  area  being  about  98  aq.  ft  The  upper  and 
lower  enda  of  tha  tunnela  ara  oloaad  by  "Btoney 


Fia 


VIEW  SHOWING  MASONRY  OF  REOULATINQ  WEIR  AND  RAC'-WAY  BRIDGE  AT  L«CK  NO.  4; 
SOULANQE8  CANAL  WORKS,  CAN/  JA. 


41V6  ft  high,  and  22  ft.  wliie  at  the  baaa.  flnlah- 
ing  with  »  vopint  8  ft  wide.  Acioaa  the  npper 
end  a  oroaa  wall  Z3H  ft  high  (tha  lift  of  tho  look) 
acta  aa  a  revetment  for  the  uppftr  end  of  tha  pit 
A  breaat  wall,  also  28H  ft  high,  upon  wUci.  are 
tho  miter  allla  for  the  upper  gatea.  exten<ts  acioaa 
about  60  ft.  below  the  revetment  wall,  forming 
with  It  a  h«ad  bay.  from  which  the  waU  culverU 
ara  filled.  AU  wall-  are  bnUt  with  piumb  tacea. 
and  the  backa  ar*  u  stepa.  The  full  height  of 
tha  face  la  of  bUk..-hammered  aahlar,  which  la 
backed  with  concreta  Vertical  reoeaasa.  4  ft 
deep  and  28%  ft  long,  are  made  In  tha  jide  walla 
to  allow  of  tha  gates  opening  back  fluah  with  the 
genoal  line  ot  chamber  walL  Bach  gate  toma 
In  a  hollow  quoin  cut  out  of  tha  atone;  Ita  haal 


alulcea  6  ft  wl.^  and  6  ft  high,  •which  are  oper- 
ated by  chalna  and  <  ounterwelghta  through  verti- 
cal wella  In  the  maaonry.  8  X  4  f t,  extending  from 
floor  to  coping.  Theae  valvea,  llHe  the  lock  gatea, 
have  been  aubjected  to  88Vi-ft  head,  and  are  con- 
atantly  operated  under  23V^ft  head. 

To  flll  the  look  the  lower  valvea  ara  oloaad  and 
the  upper  onea  opened,  which  operation  ooouptaa 
about  1  min.,  tha  lock  being  full  8  mine,  after- 
warda.  like  email  locomotive  tuga,  which  loae  no 
lima  In  entering  the  locka.  are  paaaad  through  In 
7  mina.  The  filling  by  leU  at  the  floor  level  pro- 
duoea  no  commotion,  ao  veaaela  do  not  aurga  about 
The  valvea  being  at  floor  level,  are  alao  eaally  got 
at  for  Mpalra.  and  the  fllUng  aystem  requlrea  no 
:ipeclal  toundationa  nor  oonatrucUon.  bat  tha  long- 


ts 


FIQ.    11.    TYPICAL  VIEW  OF  EXCAVATION    IN  EARTH;  80ULANQE8  CANAL  WORKS,    CANADA. 


FIQ.  12.    VIEW  SHOWING  EARTH  SLIP  ON  SUMMIT  LEVEL;  S0ULAN6E8  CANAL  WORKS, 

CANADA. 


14 


mJiMa  tvmMla  tmd  to  wUm  Um  bsM  oC  tka 

mXM  WltbOUt  iBOrMitBC  tlM  QOUetiM. 

Ooasrtte  la  Uwitfjr  nMd  hw  mad  •larvlMM  on 
tk*  oaskL  Of  !»no.«K)  on.  da  of  OMWomy,  100,000 
on.  y«a.  wo  of  Uu<  ttJrtorUd.  Tko  oMonUid  purt  of 
oonoroto  Is  eoaoat.  ond  tua  waa  aU  (nralabod  '^y 
tbo  Dopartmont  of  BaUwaya  *  CaaaU,  and  not  by 
tho  ooatraotora.  Thna  tbo  blKboat  grado  oamonta 
only  !>*▼•  !>•«>  OM^  Md  la  suffletont  quaaUty. 
Tbo  baU-doaoB  brands  eontraotod  for  boTO  In- 
variably mora  tbaa  fqlflllod  tbo  toots,  wbleb  woro 
eontlnuottsly  earrlod  on  at  a  laboratory  npon  tbo 
work. 

Tbo  masonry  work  waa  carriod  on  rapidly.  1(K- 
000  en.  yds.  of  eoneroto  and  faoo  asbliw  par  montb 
bolac  laid  dwiac  part  of  tbe  ysar.  Mo  bnUdln* 
was  dono  at  nlcbt:  In  faot,  tbo  nltbt  waa  nsodod 
to  brlns  up  suppUeo  of  oomont,  st<!T<«  and  sand  for 
tbo  noxt  day's  work.  On  tbo  lock  waiL-  a  oonrso 
of  asblar  waa  laid  In  full  bods  of  8  to  1  wortar, 
approaeblnc  %-ln.  In  tbleknoas.  Tbo  front  of  oaoh 
vortical  Joint  was  plasto'^  up  for  a  eonplo  of 
iBCbos  back  beforo  tbo  adjolnln*  atono  was  laid, 
and  tbon  tbo  rest  of  tbo  Joint  was  dasbod  full  of 


S  ft  ..boTo:  tho  boK  •>oia«  aBowod  to  dfop 
down  upon  tta  ooatonta.  rmr  Uttlo  tamUas  «M 
rovUrod,  bnt  tbo  oonorota  «ma  wtfl 
of  tbo  asblar  and  aloiw  <lw  baak 
aaoMa  woro  ol  reogh  !•!■.  boavda 
paatis  and  Bvpportod  by  paata  and  bfaaaa  or  as- 
oborod  Into  tbo  wau  br  tsUcr&ni.  wira.  Tbo  paa* 
Ola  wwo  of  tbo  sano  bolgbt  aa  tbo  t.-\si<.'pa  along 
tbo  baok  of  tbo  wall,  and  wero  naad  oror  and  ovar 


J.,  four-mast  travolor  would  lay  100  eik  yd»  af 
Mblar  and  baok  It  up  wttb  MO  en.  yda,  at  ooaetaU 
and  plaoo  In  tbio  100  en.  yda.  of  dlsptaosn  la  a 
ton-bbur  day  provMod  tbo  matortal  was  aupi^ted 
fast  onoucb.  Maeblno  amine  of  oonoroto  waa 
found  to  bo  quidur,  bottor  and  aiofo  oooaonloal 
of  oomont  Carta  or  teanrowa  dumped  tbo  olMoln 
a  rtn»  aroruid  tba  boppor,  tbon  aand  waa  qpcaad 
over,  and  anally  a  barrol  of  osmon*  for  «M*  cnMa 
ymrd  of  broken  atono.'  Twenty  men  woro  >.«i»t 
busy  sboToUnc  tbo  dry  matortala  over  and  <>vor 
toward  tbo  boppir.  Tbo  mlaer  did  tbo  rast  and 
tbo  oonoroto  dropped  ln«.o  ««OBoa  and  waa  baulod 
by  lortmotlTos  or  borssb  ts  tbo  lodL   OataaemA- 


0   r 


Lantpt'* 


3.    DIAGRAM  PLAN. 


mortar  firom  tbe  rear.  Tbls  gave  strengtL  enougb 
to  prevent  tbe  soft  ooncreto  baddng,  wblob  was 
Immediately  laid,  from  bursUng  tbroniA  tbe 
Joints.  After  tbo  concrete  backing  bad  aet  tbo 
wbolo  course  was  grouted. 

MBiTHOD  OF  BUIIjDINa. 

Oencrally  a  four-mast  traveling  derrick.  Fig.  16, 
mounted  upon  a  strong  trestle  about  bait  tbe 
belght  of  tbe  lock  walls  was  used  In  constructing 
the  lock.  Beneath  thU  were  the  supply  tracks, 
one  along  each  wall,  and  an  outgoing  empty  track 
along  the  center.  The  two  leading  booms  of  the 
traveler  laid  the  aehlar,  and  the  two  foUowing 
booms  lifted  and  deposited  the  concrete  backing. 
Between  times  large  masses  of  rough  rock,  from 
the  ezcavatiou,  were  run  in  and  let  fall  upon  tbe 
visoouB  concrete. 

Boxes,  mounted  on  troUeys,  were  fllled  under  a 
Cookbum  concrete-mixer,  which  gave  an  almost 
continuous  stream.  An  abundance  of  water  was 
used  in  mixing  and  the  walls  were  kept  aa  wet  as 
possible.  The  cubic-yard  b<see  were  hoisted  off 
their  ears,  swung  over  tbe  waU  and  tripped  about 


era  wero  used  for  biMkIng  tba  eonorata  stoae^  and 
when  poaidblo  tbe  emsbera  and  oUzar  won 
worked  In  battsry  sldo  by  side. 

lATge  qnanUtlea  of  oonereto  wore  abM  nlsod  by 
band.  Sand  waa  broniftt  up  In  dnasp  oara,  parti- 
tioned off  to  give  proper  proporttona,  and  the 
ebarge  w«a  spread  upon  a  platform  In  a  Uyar 
about  8  Ins.  thick.  Over  tbls  a  barrel  of  ownont 
was  spread,  and  tbe  whole  thoroughly  mizad  dry 
to  an  even  purple  color.  Oenorally  tbroo  barrels 
of  sand  to  one  barrel  of  cement  wero  tba  propor- 
ttona for  tbe  mortar.  Water  waa  added  to  make 
a  llauld  paate,  and  onto  tbla  1  ou.  yd.  of  broken 
stone,  fine  and  eoa:?sii  aa  It  oame  from  tbo  orasbor, 
but  thoroughly  wetled,  was  dumped  and  spread. 
It  was  then  shoveled  out  Into  tour  beapa  at  tho 
comers  of  tbe  platform,  then  back  to  »  baap  ta 
the  middle,  and  lastly.lnto  oars,  barrows  or  carta 
for  oonveyanee  to  tbe  walls.  From  18  to  22  batehaa 
of  about  1  eu.  yd.  each  wero  mixed  and  loaded 
by  five  or  alx  men  In  ten  houra. 

Generally,  for  both  aablar  and  oonoroto,  Inolnd- 
ing  grouting  and  a  mortar  flnlab  on  axposad  faoaa. 
tbo  expenditure  of  moment  waa  one  barrel  to  « 


15 


«Ma  yard.    For  soMNto  1  h%tni  t*  "i""w»  ■■ 
«J  M.  ft«  UK  •  fewnki  c(  ■»« ->  M  M.  fk.  aad 

•  iMiHi «(  brokM  ■!•■•  ■■  n^  «■•  ft.,  wan  aM<. 
Onst  MOMony  wm  aitoctad  tor  tka  mm  of  «l»- 
oftwi  emr  A  oiMo  ru«  ib  bIm.  wktek 

OMBMIt   to  tiM  DapMtBMt  Md  Mad  Ud 

_  stoat  to  tho  ooatraetor,  aad  wlUok  haa- 
J  tlM  work.  Orard  would  bava  tmttm  ehaap- 

tba  ooaeraU.  bnt  It  waa  aot  aaad. 

Tbt  aahlar  la  all  bnah-hammorad  llnMotona.  aad 
9t  largo  aiaa.  ▼arytas  from  S  ft  to  1%  ft.  la 
koickt  aad  oftaa  6  ft.  datp  aad  8  ft  leas.  Th« 
ooatraotora  aarly  appraolatad  that,  aa  roach  baeka 
woro  anowad  to  projaet  tato  tha  aoaarato  baeWac. 
tho  largar  tha  araa  tha  aaora  prolltahla  waa  tha 
atoBO.  Baadara  raaalac  5  ft.  haek  lata  tho  wall 
WON  ra4«lT«d  at  11-ft.  latarvala.  aad  tha  boad 
waa  atrieUy  aot  laaa  thaa  12  laa.    StrttdMra  wart 


batac  yaid  tar.    Mapa  aa 

waelal  priaaa,  o<  from  IM  ta  «H  par  o«.  y«. 

Tba  laaaral  priot  for  aoMrata.  wkatkar  ia  < 
ia«  a<  look  or  la  awaoMtkla  aUaatarta, 
IS.  aay  IMS  par  oa.  yd^  aad  tka  barral  4rf 
ooat  oa  aa  avoract  |3JMk 

Tbt  dtrrteka  aaad  apoa  tho  w«tk  bad 
TD-fi.  auwU  of  Doaclaa  tf?  aad  SS-tt. 
tho  aana  tlariMr.  Six  wtra  i«ya  wtra 
donbia  btooka  tor  tha  booai  tan.  aad  i 
alto  for  tha  aula  taU.  f«v«  with  %  te  1i>ia.  atari 
win.  Thay  wan  all  taralahad  witk  a  it-tt.  bori- 
Boatal  awlagla*  olrela  aad  opantod  by  oao  raa- 
aar.  Tha  holat  boiMra  won  aboat  V  HP.,  aad 
tha  eapaolty  of  tha  darrloka  aboat  10  toaa.  To 
avoid  book  bolaa.  a  taat  ^'a,  Uaad  with  a  1-ta. 
taytr  of  load,  waa  aaad.  aad  cava  graat  aatiatao> 
tlon. 


Fia  15.   VIEW  OF  LOWER  0ATE8;  LOCK  2. 


to  bt  at  Itaat  2H  ft  datp  into  tha  wall,  but  (tntr- 
aQy  thay  an  aaarly  4  ft.  Hollow  quolna  an  6  x  0 
ft,  and  rtctta  quolna  an  of  almilar  cna  of  bad. 
Largo  blocfc-atonta,  6  x  6  ft  and  8  ft  thick,  wan 
plaoad  under  the  gate  plrota  in  a  maaa  of  eon- 
«nta,  and  the  miter  alUa  an  backed  by  blockt  3 
ft  in  thickntaa.  took  eoplngi  an  uniformly  18 
laa.  thick,  and  5  ft  wida  on  top.  with  a  1  to  1 
tnat  batter.  Some  of  theae  an  upwarda  of  0  ft 
la  length. 

The  price  per  cubic  yard  bid  for  aahlar  waa  from 
914  to  118,  and  Included  aU  klnda  of  copea,  quolna. 
aroh  atonea,  etc..  only  tbe  net  content  nf  atonea 


Tba  locka  an  an  founded  upon  rook,  but  at 
Lock  Mo.  1  a  tranaverae  cnvaaa*  waa  anoonn- 
tered.  which  eztendel  12  ft  btlow  tbe  floor.  Frwn 
thia  8,000  cu.  yda.  of  wet  eUy  gnvel  won  taca- 
vattd  and  rtplaoed  by  coaente.  The  bottom  9t 
thia  ereriea  waa  80  ft  below  tbe  water  anrfaea  of 
the  Ottawa,  ontatdo  tho  oatraaca  dam.  la  tha 
pit  for  Look  Ma  8.  tha  rook  dipped  irregularly 
below  tbe  floor,  ao  padeatala  of  ooaento  w«a 
made  under  each  waU.  6,000  on.  yda.  of  ooaereto 
being  uaed  tor  tba  purpoaa.  The  pit  waa  BO  ft 
in  depth,  excavated  largely  in  blof  c-'ay.  A  aiip 
occurred  at  the  head,  iriian  It  wfta  propoaad  to 


17 


tanaA  a,  twiag  brldg*.  Th*  BMUrtaU  wm  putly 
mamntiU  aa«  tkw  pitea  wan  ditm.  BHwmm 
tlMM  tlM  ■Hfptd  auktOTtal  WM  rtplAMd  bjr  Ioom 
•toM,  OTOT  wUoh  a  S-ft.  ptottona  of  oonorata  wm 
Md  ud  U>«  brldga  bottt  thanoB. 

XBOULATINO  ODLVBRn. 
Mo  OTtrflow  watoa  ur«  lutd.  bnt  racnlatlii*  e«l- 
TtrU,  Flf.  IS,  tlM  dMlCB  of  J.  L.  AUlaoii,  C.  K., 
an  naad  laataad.  Thara  ara  two  of  thaaa  com- 
maalcatiac  batwoaa  tha  alda  ponds  and  an  ontftll 
ona.  Xaeli  ona  aonaiata  of  twin  tunnala  of  coacfaU 
laadinc  tbrouch  tha  bottom  of  tlia  ambankmant 
and  throttlad  by  "Btouay"  slulcoa  which  operate 


with  aooBomr  and  aaaaaaa..    It .^ 

acalast  tha  faoa  moid  aboat  lU  iaa.  tnm  <t  Md 
hald  baek  tha  atona  la  tha  ooaorata  auaa  tlU  mar- 
tar  waa  tampad  In  front  and  tha  iratlnc  with- 
draws. 

■PLAT  WALIA 
Abova  and  balow  aaeh  lock  aplajr  walla  ravat 
tha  aidaa  untU  tha  2  to  1  alopa  la  raaehad  br  thalr 
apraadinc  flara.  Theaa  ara  Taiy  maaaiva,  and  built 
aa  eoaerata  monoUtha,  only  tha  aopin*  batnc  of 
atona.  Thalr  aaetlon  waa  datarmiaad  by  tha  Bb- 
glnaartnr  Nawa  rula:  ■■8-7  halcht  and  odd  laohaa 
thrown  In."    Tha  maan  thlckneaa  thus  obtalaad 


FIG.  1«.     VIEW  OF  LOCK  3,  DURING  CONSTRUCTION. 


npwarda  throuih  ihaf  ta  by  the  uaual  chalna  and 
counterwelKhta. 

Tha  parallel  tunnela  ara  e  ft  wlda  and  7  ft  high, 
with  an  arched  roof  2  ft  thick,  all  formed  aa  a 
concrete  monolith.  A  smooth  face  finish  was  se- 
cured by  the  use  of  tarred  paper  spread  OTer  the 
molds,  against  which  a  2-ln.  layer  of  mortar  waa 
plastered.  This  gava  a  amooth  finish,  bnt  the 
Imprisoned  air  left  "worm  marks."  Stove-pipe 
iron  gave  a  very  smooth  finish,  and  was  much 
used  by  tha  writer  in  curved  work. 

For  mortar  facing  a  targa  "rake,"  or  grating,  4 
ft  long  and  18  ins.  high,  formed  of  vertical  Iron 
rods,  set  1  In.  apart  like  teeth,  in  a  flat  bar,  was 


was  mulUpUed  by  tha  height  and  thla  area  dia- 
tributed  aa  tha  caaa  aUowad.  All  walla  have  plumb 
facea  and  their  badoi  formed  In  atapa,  upon  whloh, 
aa  far  aa  possible,  loose  stone  flIUng  was  piled. 
Tha  base  projected  1  ft  front  and  rear,  which  al. 
lowed  of  setting  up  mold  poata  and  oorreoting 
allnement  of  faee.  The  walla  varied  from  120  to 
140  ft  in  length,  ajaf  were  built  without  trana- 
veraa  bulkhaada,  but  vertical  aUp  JolaU  ware  made 
where  tha  wall  Joined  tha  lock  wing.  Theaa  have 
proved  quite  sufllcient  for  eontraetlon,  even 
though  subjected  to  a  range  of  from  —  SO*  F.  up 
to  120*  F.  Walls  of  immense  aise  have  davdopad 
hair  oraeka.  but  they  ara  of  no  eonaaquanca,  whila 


18 


tlM  MM  0t  tnuMnraiM  bwftlw<li  to  •  biadraaM 
tarlac  euMto— tloB.  and  m  oarUla  d«to«t  afUr- 
wwia.  avarr  straoMn  atMUto  apen  Ito  owa  bot- 
tSHi.  tewMTw,  kU»  Jriata  havtac  bMB  tormad  at 
all  JanaUoM,  aad  Um  raaalta  an  moat  aaUataetanr 
attw  arrara  aoeMaatal  taata. 

Maiir  "ptmaa"  wara  Ma«  In  all  tka  walla,  loma 
of  "oBo-maa"  alaa  atoaa.  wbora  tba  wall  waa  nar- 
row or  darrteka  ooaM  not  bo  bad.  FomdaUon 
ooBorata  mada  of  1  to  5  mortar  and  10  parU 
brokaa  atono  baa  (tran  good  raoalta.  No  ImlU- 
tlon  of  maaonrr  ooaraln«  waa  parmittad.  bat  tba 
larar  martu  wara  obUtaratad  by  a  tboroocb  ooat- 
l»(  of  eamaat  wbltawaab. 

In  tba  a^ajr  walla  I«-bolU  ara  amUaddad  by 
wblob  bortnontal  9  x  18-la.  oak  fandara  ara  at- 
taebad  at  about  watar  laraL 


agala.  aad  aU  tba  rapain 


waa  t*  crmrt 


MACHniaKT. 


At  aaah  look  tbara  ara  four  avbmariad  "ItoMy" 
alnloaa  0  x  e  ft  Tbay  ara  of  tba  wall-kaowa 
•■•toBoy"  typa  a  pteta  ^  ataat  fortlAad  by  I- 
baiuna  and  aUdlac  upon  aaatt  of  llya  rotlara  at 
aaabalda.  Tba  Talraa  ara  ban*  by  ebaiaa  paaaia* 
ovar  poekat  wbaala  on  a  korlaoatal  abaft  wltb 
eoBBtarwalcbto  oa  tba  traa  aada  (lift  M).  Tba 
abaf u  ean  ba  artfrad  altbar  by  baad  or  by  tfaa- 
trta  motora.  Tbaaa  and  tba  lo'*^  'ataa  ara  arvaocad 
for  eparatioB  from  a  utrttA  ^aaa  attaatad  at  tba 
mlddla  of  tba  look  ea  tuo  nortb  rida. 

Tba  look  lataa  ara  eloaa«  aad  opoaad  by  a  ataal 
I-baam  bartnc  a  rack  attaabad  to  oaa  aMa,  lata 


Plan. 
FIQ..17.    DETAILS  OF  ke.C' 


CULVERT;  LOCK  2. 


ARCH  BRnXJSfl. 
Alons  tba  aontb  slda  of  tba  raaebaa  arcb  bridiea 
ara  plaoad  tbroncb  wblob  tba  alda  ponda  ooanact 
wltb  tba  eanal  propar  (Wig.  14).  Tbaaa  arob 
brtdcoa  ara  oonerata  monoUtba  In  wblob  a  auoooa- 
aton  of  arebad  opanlnca  IB  ft  apan  and  8.7B  ft  riaa 
ara  laft  Tba  brtdiaa  ara  all  10  ft  wlda  aad  bava 
a  Btona  ooplns  on  eacb  alda.  A  conorate  platform 
13  ft  wlda  and  2  ft  tblck  waa  flrat  laid,  and  upon 
tbla  tba  Plata  wara  built  Tbonsb  many  tounda- 
tlona  ara  upon  elay,  tlmbar  grlllacea  bava  not  baan 
naad  at  all.  Craoka  In  oonerata  alaba  bave  baan 
rara  aad  of  no  oonaaquanoa.  In  plaoaa  wbara  It 
waa  Impraetloabla  to  kaap  atructnrea  flooded  dur- 
iBS  winter  tba  totmdatlon  slab  with  arcbaa  upon  It 
waa  raiaad  bodUy  6  Ina.,  but  aattlad  baok  to  plaea 


:i.ab  a  pinion  maabaa.  Tba  point  of  attaObmant 
of  tba  atrnt  to  tba  42-ft  cataa  la  18  ft  traia  the 
bottom  aad  14  ft  from  tba  beat  A  obaaabar  la 
proTldad  la  tba  look  w^Ua  Into  wblob  tba  cato 
arm  raoadaa. 

Vtor  baadav  tba  look  gataa  a  poatooa  (Fl*.  18>, 
80  ft  aqoara  and  drawlns  10  ft.  wltb  a  aquara 
tower  about  80  ft  In  balcbt  and  tba  fun  alaa  of  tba 
bull  to  naad.  A  gate  leaf  to  rataad  from  a  floating 
poaltlon  to  bang  yartlcally  agataiat  oaa  alda  of  tba 
towar  by  wire  cablaa  paaalng  over  the  top  a-  1 
wound  around  wlnobaa  on  aa«b  alda.  Tba  gala  u 
tban  floated  Into  lU  raeeaa.  gntly  lowarad  ont» 
Ita  beel  pivot  and  tba  top  aeenred  by  a  atad  oollar 
fitting  over  a  gudgeon  pin.  R.  *  J.  MUlar  vera 
tbe  oontraetora. 


18 


BLBcnucAL  wnALLAmon. 
■wttwwi  pnvtowlF.  tiM  pcmmt-himm  to  ta 
■MmUm  vtUi  •  WMM  mlr  AkoM  lMtf<w«y 

teWB  tiM  MHUMt  ITMI.  tiM  OfMM  RiVW,  WhlOk 

PHMB  mtar  Um  oMMd  M  tkto  potat  batnc  mm« 
cfftUUfMa.  A  !»•«.  k«i  to  Milly  I 


FIO.  11.    View  W  PONTOON  USED  FOR 
HANOINO  LOCK  QATE8. 


Mid  th«  iirt*  of  th*  oMiAl  priam  »dini  .i  of  »  Urc* 
diaduuv*  without  ertktlnc  an  objtouonftbi*  ear- 
rtnt.  bMddM  wMeb.  diaeliaritnc  Into  tho  ■trMWt 


•ni  Btoetrie  C«m  who  ptaoH  Mr.  RoAMtotor  tai 
than*  of  tk«  MMtlea  work. 

POWBB-BOUnB.— A  ■«»  la  tiM  Mlltll  buk. 
aboHt  ISO  rt  la  iMwtk.  to  feami  by  a  bwry  wa- 
ervta  wall  toaadad  apoa  pitoa  (Vic  !•>.  Tka  ad*- 
dto  third  o(  tkto  to  wtduMd  oat  lata  tka  aaaal  lo 
tona  two  vanlto  for  wkoal  ekaaAara.  Throa'  arekad 
epmlBcai  eloaad  bjr  litoaair"  alaleaa.  ara  plaoad 
on  aaeh  atda  of  tba  wkaal  pita  to  form  rtcatotlac 
valVM  for  tka  •ammlt  lavaL  la  aaak  wkaal  ekam- 
bar'  ara  toar  Vlotor  wkaato  worklag  oa  oaa  kotl- 
aontal  akaf  t  Botk  skatto  paaa  tkroack  tka  oea- 
erata  daai  la  paekUw  boata  to  tka  gaaaratora.  Tkt 
dam  fonaa  oaa  wall  of  tka  powar-konaa,  whidi  !■ 
a  kaadaona  brl<di  bolldlnc  wttk  aaadatoaa  trta- 
minca  (fl*.  20). 

Tbtra  ara  two,  S-phaaa,  M^eyeto  gaaaratora  of 
264  K-w.  aack,  dlraot-oonaaotad  to  tka  wkcal 
•haiLi.  wklck  maka  226  ravolutlona  par  aUnata. 
vanaratlas  a  priaaura  of  iJBOO  volta  oa  tka  Una. 
Two  txeltara  of  U  K-W.  aaek  ara  boltad  dlraet  to 
tba  wkaal  akatu.  Tka  awltekboard  to  of  awrbto; 
tbara  ara  2  saaaratora.  2  faadara  wai  1  aseltar 
panoto  flttad  wltk  tka  lataat  oparatlav  laatra- 
mtnta. 

DIBTRIBimON.— Tba  pola  Una  balac  on  tba 
oppoalt*  ilda  of  tba  canal,  tba  currant  to  oarrl«4 
aeroaa  In  tour-ltad  ataiorad  eablea  to  a  awltob 
cabin  on  tba  nortb  bank,  wbanca  ona  power  and 


FIG.  19.     VIEW  OF  POWER  HOUSE  DAM  FROM  CANAL  SIDE. 


creatca  no  damaca  olalma.  Mr.  A.  M.  Rlea.  of  Day- 
ton, O.,  dcatsned  tba  bydranlie  development,  and 
tba  Royal  Klactric  Co.,  of  Montreal,  worked  out 
the  electric  power  required  aud  it*  application  to 
locka,  brtdsea  a.<d  Ugblins.  Tbe  contract  for  tbe 
work,  kowever.  waa  aecured  by  tba  Canadian  Gen- 


Ufht  circuit  la  run  up  and  one  down  the  oanal. 
Tbe  polea  are  of  Britiah  Columbia  red  cedar, 
dreaaed  octafonal  and  painted  with  four  coata  of 
white  lead.  They  are  apaced  120  ft  apart,  every 
fourth  pole  carrying  an  endoaed  arc  lamp  of  2,000 
c.  p.    All  polea  are  aet  6  ft  into  the  ground,  tbe 


r »  a  ni  Um  lMi9*toals  H  ft.  hi 
iMgtk. 

Oa  tiM  uppvr  alraidt  •  wItm  oI  N».  6  B.  A  ■. 
■oft  roaa4  aopptr  an  wm«.  mi4  m  th«  lowar  8 
No.  4  wiraa  m«  t  Xo.  1  Tbo  Uao  to  protMted 
hy  n  Wnrta  UflitMlBc  ArriMtort!  ^m«4  whororor 
iwwttOM    or*   mmAo    with    aii4«rvroaii4 


tnuMt  9ton  an  nghtt  aloat  totk 
■atloB  to  tkus  u  omt  by  alglit  oi  %r  < 
MOTOM.— At  ovtrr  leak  four  goto 
volvo  ■■tew  am  prorMtod.  Mid  on*  at 
war  brM^   TImk  to  atoo  a  IB-HP.  awl 
eaaal  npalr  ahep^.    Tk*  Msk-tMMion 
a  •witeb  eaMa  at  m^  took,  whan  two 


kick* 
fortk* 


Fia  80.    VIEW  OF  SOUTH  FRONT  OF  POWER  HOUSE. 


at  loeka  or  brldsM.  Six  mllea  of  armorad  cable 
ara  amployed. 

Than  ara  280  tons-burBlnf ,  altaraatlnK-ancIoaad 
arc  lampa  of  2,000  e.  p.  each.  Every  Usht  U 
•Nittlppad  with  a  tranaformar  of  1,000  Watta  ca- 
paeitr.  Baaldao  tha  llihta.  placed  at  480  ft  intar- 
vato  alon*  the  canal  bark,  all  tba  locka  and  an- 


era  of  T,BOO  Watta  oapaotty  aaok  reduce  tha  praa- 
aure  from  2,600  to  280  Yolta.  Thto  current  to  led 
direct  to  the  late  and  valve  mottmi  by  un£ar- 
■round  cablea  controlled  by  the  operating  awltch- 
board  In  each  cabin,  lb  facilitate  tha  operation  or 
the  canal  a  brldflnr  Bell  telephona  ayatem  con- 
necta  all  the  locka,  brldcea  and  offloea. 


